14 January 2014The article adds empirical content to transaction costs concepts by analyzing the design and implementation of the first publicly listed company in Australia, Earth Sanctuaries Limited, devoted to protecting biodiversity. The venture was successful on some ecological criteria, but ultimately failed financially. This case study looks at the regulatory, legal and institutional arrangements that impeded its success. It shows how public sector activities can inadvertently restrict and crowd out private sector activities, and demonstrates the importance of reducing unnecessarily high transactions costs to facilitate private sector success in biodiversity conservation. It also develops a new argument related to status reversal to explain resistance to institutional change. It illustrates how private sector conservation initiatives may complement, and sometimes even substitute for, conservation activities by the public sector, thus allowing the public sector to focus its attention and resources on other purposes.